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Women at Hope College in the 1930's and 1940's

Pop Up Definition--Paul Fried

Paul Fried was born in Germany in 1919. Fried's parents were Austrian and outspoken regarding the Nazi movment, thus Fried was confined and his parents and two brothers died in a concentration camp. After being released from prison, Fried traveled to Hope College in 1940 as a student before enlisting in the U.S. Army. Fried participated in the Nuremburg War Trials and studied at Harvard and the University of Erlangen receiving two doctorate degrees. In 1953, he became a faculty member at Hope College. While at Hope, Fried became the director of the international education program, founded te Vienna Summer School, one of the oldest study-abroad programs at Hope, and the several alumni and colleagues wrote the book Into All the World: Hope College and International Affairs in Fried's honor [1].

References:
[1] Hope Public Relations, “Professor Emeritus Paul Fried Dies,” Hope College, July 24, 2006, https://hope.edu/news/2006/07/24/professor-emeritus-paul-fried-dies.html.

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Female Faculty Bios
Dean of Women:
Winifred Durfee
Winifred Hackley Durfee began her career at Hope College in 1909 as the Dean of Women and resided in Voorhees Hall, the only women’s hall at the time. During her 27 year career, she became the head of the French and Drama Departments before her retirement in 1936.
Prior to her time at Hope, Durfee taught at several high schools and earned her Master’s Degree at Northwestern University and the University of Wisconsin. She stopped teaching after marrying Abner Durfee in 1892 until his death in 1901. Durfee decided to resume teaching after his death and spent time at several other academies and colleges before finishing her career at Hope College [1].
Durfee developed and enforced many of the Voorhees House Rules during her time as Dean of Women. She also established a structure of student government for the halls. Conserative elders in the Reformed Church of America established guidelines for student behavior and restricted certain subjects like dance and dramatics from the campus. Durfee’s reputation for implementing and upholding rules for women helped establish the first drama class, which was taught by Durfee in 1924. Martha Jane Gibson wrote a letter to Miss Blank on April 29, 1963 explaining this connection:
“As to her coaching of dramatics. She began this when I was there. Up to that time there had been little if any at all done in the way of dramatics in the college. This was so because of the very conservative feeling about the theater or anything dramatic among the older people and many of the clergy in the Reformed churches around us. It began however to be apparent that there must be a break with this old conservatism if the college was to keep pace with life. More and more of our students seeking teaching jobs were finding themselves at a disadvantage because they had not done work in dramatics, as many high schools wanted them to coach” [2].
Durfee’s legacy lived on at Hope’s Campus, which is indicated by letters from Lubbers in 1947, who maintained, “Voorhees Hall and life was lived on a creative and inspiring level” when Durfee oversaw the hall [3]. The name Winifred Durfee is known on campus today because of the survival of Durfee Hall named after her. Built in 1950, Durfee Hall originally served as a female dormitory before converting into an all-male dorm.
Elizabeth Lichty
Elizabeth Lichty began working at Hope College in 1939 as the Dean of Women and a professor of French. Lichty oversaw Voorhees Hall, including the functions of the hall and the residents staying there. Under Lichty, Voorhees Hall attempted an Honor System to encourage the female residents to follow the Voorhees House Rules, which indicates that rules were broken by the women of Voorhees [4].
The Honor System: Rules Governing Women’s Residence Halls pamphlet stated, “In the past there have been rules that one felt it was clever to break or overlook. In the Spring of 1945 the girls of the dormitories voted unanimously to no longer countenance such an attitude. From now on, girls are on their honor to keep the following rules” [5].
Based on articles from the Anchor it appears that this endeavor was unsuccessful because news of the Honors System disappeared after this mention in 1945 and female students only remembered a governing board in the hall.
Lichty also took interest in freshman women by meeting with each female student during their first year at Hope College as well as establishing a “Big Sister” system to provide each freshman woman with an upperclassman mentor.
In 1937, Lichty became a PhD candidate at the University of Wisconsin and in 1940 became the first woman faculty member to earn her PhD.
Ultimately, Lichty took a position at Kalamazoo University in 1947, but she contributed to multiple facets of student life during her 8 years at Hope. Lichty sponsored the Women’s Activity League, May Day celebration, All College Sing, the Women’s Athletic Association, and established the Alcor Senior Girls Honorary Sorority, which is known today as Mortarboard.
Lichty Hall, a co-ed dorm on campus, was renamed after Elizabeth Lichty for her work as a Dean of Women.
Emma Reeverts
The woman chosen to succeed Elizabeth Lichty was a Hope College graduate from 1920 named Emma Marie Reeverts. Hope hired Reeverts in 1946 as an Associate Professor of English after the post-war boom created a high demand for more faculty members at Hope. Reeverts served as the Dean of Women from 1947 until her retirement in 1963 [6].
Correspondence between Irwin Lubbers and Winifred Durfee revealed that Reeverts came highly recommended by Durfee and Lubbers acknowledged that, “We are very happy at the prospect of having Miss Reeverst as our new Dean of Women...We hope that she will also get closer to the town girls than is possible when a Dean is living in a dormitory” [7].
Reeverts resided in Gilmore Cottage, which diverged from past practices when the Dean of Women lived in Voorhees Hall. The 1949 Milestone explains that Reeverts served as an advisor for Alcor society, the Women’s Activity League, the Pan Hellenic Board that oversees Greek Life, and the Women’s House Board. Reeverts also supervised the female students on and off campus [8]. Past descriptions for the Dean of Women did not mention overseeing women off campus and the Dean of Women typically lived in Voorhees Hall. Voorhees served as the only female dorm for years before the conversion of Van Vleck into a female dorm during the war years and Durfee Hall during the post-war boom. It is possible that Reeverts requested her own space or Gilmore Cottage provided a neutral location for Reeverts to split her time between the women on and off campus.
Instructors/Professors:
Laura Alice Boyd
Laura Alice Boyd began her teaching career at Hope College in 1921 and taught German until her retirement in 1955. Originally appointed as an instructor in German, Boyd was promoted to a full professor of German in 1929.
To supplement the German course content, Boyd established the German Club and worked with Metta Ross to establish the Palette and Masque theater group. In addition to working with these additional groups, Boyd wrote poems and riddles for a local paper [9].
Metta Ross
Metta Ross began her time at Hope College in 1926 after several years teaching at Holland High School. She accepted a position as an instructor of history and also split her time in the English department during her 34 years at Hope College until she retired in 1960. However, her letters and archival records indicate that teaching history was her preferred subject. The archives are filled with detailed notes on different history classes that Ross developed while at Hope College [10].
In addition to work in the classroom, Ross was active in extracurricular activities on campus. She coached female oratory, was the first faculty advisor of the Anchor, was involved in the Women’s Athletic Association, and founded several groups on campus, such as the Palette and Masque dramatic society with Laura Boyd and the International Relations Club [11].
Students often described Ross as a challenging and demanding instructor. Most students appreciated this style, but a few felt Ross was too tough on students, which was reflected in an archived file containing course evaluations and other personal correspondence [12]. The course evaluations are subjective and one study published in the Cambridge University Press indicates that students are more likely to expect women instructors or professors to be warm and understanding [13]. If students anticipated this and instead Ross was a tough professor, which archival research implies she was, then students may have evaluated her more harshly. Regardless, Ross compiled several letters throughout the years thanking her for her attention to their success and pushing students to succeed. One specific student, Mary Lou Talman expressed gratitude that Ross evolved from an instructor to a friend since Talman graduated [14].
Ella Hawkinson

In 1948, Ella Hawkinson was hired as a professor of history and the head of the history and political science departments. Hawkinson studied at the State Teachers College in Minnesota and earned her PhD from the American University in Washington in 1941 [15].
The Hope College Bulletin highlighted Hawkinson’s passion for the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This organization’s main goal was to establish a culture of peace. On vacations from school Hawkinson would take foreign students to tour the United Nations sessions in New York. Her work as the president of the Michigan Council for UNESCO earned Hawkinson a Fullbright lectureship at a university in Trondheim, Norway in 1953 [16].
After Hawkinson’s leave of absence in 1953 she suffered from an illness and passed away on January 27, 1954. The Hawkinson Memorial Lectures were established to recognize Hawkinson’s contributions to the college and her passion for international affairs.
Eva Van Schaack
Eva Van Schaack was a graduate from the Hope College class of 1929 and the first female member of the science department as a professor of biology from 1956 to 1969. Van Schaack received her degree at Hope, studied botany at Hope for a year following graduation, and attended the school of higher studies of the faculty of philosophy at Johns Hopkins to receive a Doctorate in Philosophy [17].
Nella Meyer
Born in Holland, Michigan, Nella Meyer began her college career at Hope in 1917 before transferring in 1919 to the University of Wisconsin. There, she received her Bachelor of Arts and went on to receive her Masters of Arts from Columbia University in 1940. By 1941, Meyer completed all requirements for a doctorate degree from Columbia except the written thesis.
It was unclear based on Meyer’s file why she transferred from Hope College in 1919, but Meyer began teaching at Hope sporadically while earning her higher education degrees. From 1923 to 1925, Meyer served as an instructor in French, then taught French and piano from 1929 to 1937, and also taught French and piano from 1946 to 1965. Meyer became an associate professor at Hope College in 1946 before earning the title of professor from 1954 until her retirement in 1965.
Time at other programs spent studying or teaching accounts for the gaps in Meyer’s time at Hope College. From 1941-1945, she taught music at both the Turtle Bay Music School in Manhattan, New York and the Brooklyn Music School in Brooklyn, New York [18].
Meyer passed away on December 13, 1974. A former student and a professor of Bible and religion at Hope College, Maurice Eugene Osterhaven, gave Meyer’s Memorial Sermon. He described Meyer as a woman who loved her family, students, and institution, as well as a woman who demanded respect in the classroom.
Osterhaven stated, “I can still hear her correct our pronunciation and encourage us to a higher level or work. Some of us were almost twice her size and strength- in mere muscle, that is- but we knew who was the boss in the classroom. For her we had love and respect" [19]
Louise Jean Van Dommelen
Louise Jean Van Dommelen spent several years at Hope College as an instructor and then professor of physical education. Dommelen began her time at Hope in 1946 as an instructor of women’s physical education, became assistant professor of physical education in 1949 to 1950, and became associate professor of physical education from 1951-1953 [20].
According to a report from Hope College on Dommelen’s workload, she instructed students in teaching kinesiology, volleyball, softball and golf, basketball and tennis, folk dancing and square dancing, archery and badminton, remedial gymnastics, and teaching physical education in secondary schools.
In addition to these courses, Dommelen was on the faculty study committee, the athletic committee, and the health and recreation committee and directed women’s intramurals, advised the Women’s Athletic Association, coached women’s tennis, and directed May Day sports [21].
Dommelen received a leave of absence from Hope College in 1951 to attend Michigan State College and complete her master’s degree thesis on physical education curriculum. She applied her findings to the Hope College women’s physician education program and made recommendations to Lubbers for changes to this program [22].
In 1950, Dommelen received orders from the Air Force Reserves to report for active duty to Denver, Colorado in January of 1951. These orders were deferred to June of 1951 in order for Dommelen to complete her master’s degree from Michigan State College. President Lubbers wrote multiple letters to the Air Combat Command (ACC) requesting another deferment for Dommelen because of Hope’s desire for her to continue leading the women’s physical education courses. It is unclear if this deferment was granted because the ACC correspondent replied that a deferment past July 7, 1951 was not possible in Dommelen’s case. However, the archival record indicates that Dommelen served Hope College until 1953 [23].
Esther Snow
In 1937 Esther Snow began her time at Hope College as an instructor and professor of piano and organ. Her husband, Robert Snow became the first organist in Dimnent Memorial Chapel and Esther Snow aided with music related tasks and received recognition for her talent as an organist and pianist. Therefore, after Robert Snow’s death in 1936, Esther Snow resumed his duties in the music department. In the music department, Snow directed the Women’s Glee Club.
After 18 years in the music department, Snow decided to discontinue teaching piano and organ because arthritis began to impact her ability to play. She attended Michigan State University for a year and resumed teaching at Hope College with her Master’s Degree in German. Snow worked as an assistant professor from 1955 until her retirement in 1965. While in the German Department, Snow became involved in the Vienna Summer School program, a well-known study abroad program founded by Paul Fried. Thus, she accompanied the students to Europe each summer to learn German and experience the culture [24].
Archivists, Assistants, and Alumni Relations:
Janet Mulder
Janet Mulder was a graduate of Hope’s class of 1915. She worked at Holland High School as an English teacher for the majority of her career. However, she transitioned after 33 year of teaching into a library assistant position in 1952. Then, in 1963, Mulder became Hope College’s first full-time archivist before her retirement in 1968 [25].
Mulder worked with Michigan Historical Collections from the University of Michigan to establish the system for the archives because not many colleges in the area began archival work in the 1960s [26].
The Holland Evening Sentinel published an article in 1964 about Mulder’s work:
From 1952 to 1954 and again since 1962, Miss Janet B. Mulder, archivist at Hope College, has been accumulating and systematically organizing information pertaining to the 113-year history of the college. Although the recording of the college’s history and other materials have not been completed, many college students, graduate students, and alumni are already using the Archives for research” [27].
Mildred Schuppert
Mildred Schuppert graduated from Hope College in 1931 and began working as Dr. Wynand Wichers’s assistant, who was the president of the college at the time. During the Great Depression, Schuppert was the only secretary at Hope College [28].
Schuppert served as Wichers assistant throughout his presidency. Thus, when Lubbers became president in 1945, he suggested she take a leave of absence and attend library school at the University of Michigan. A letter described Lubbers recommendation:
“Miss Schuppert is a young woman of capacity and diligence. She is intensely interested in library work. We believe that we should discontinue office work and be given a position more in harmony with her temperament and interest. We feel responsible for giving Miss Schuppert a place in our organization where she can be happy and effective” [29].
Schuppert returned to Hope College and began working as a librarian. Afterward, she accepted a librarian position at Western Theological Seminary in 1950. She worked there for twenty-four years before retiring in 1974.
Marian Stryker
Marian Stryker attended Hope and graduated in 1931. After her husband’s death in 1946, she began her role as director of alumni relations at Hope College in 1947 until her retirement in 1974. While in this role, Stryker significantly increased the donations made by alumni, which was aided through her role as the editor of the Alumni Magazine and publisher of the first Alumni Directory in 1951 [30].
The February 1995 edition of News from Hope College discussed Stryker’s contributions to the alumni network through an increase in alumni support. Stryker increased Hope College donations from 170 donors with an overall sum of $10,643 to 3,820 alumni donors worth $424,170 at the time of her retirement. Following her retirement in 1974, Stryker received the Distinguished Alumni Award [31].

References:
[1] Biographical, Durfee, Winifred Hackley (1861-1950). Papers, 1796-1963 (H88-0034), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[2] Kristen Blank, “Winifred Hackley Durfee: Her Life and Her Times,” May 22, 1963 (H88-0045), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland MI.
[3] Irwin Lubbers, July 22, 1947, Durfee, Winifred Hackley (1861-1950). Papers, 1796-1963 (H88-0034), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[4] Biographical, Lichty, Elizabeth Ellen (1899-1965). Papers, 1945-1966 (H88-0094), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[5] The Honor System: Rules Governing Women’s Residence Halls, n.d, (1899-1965). Papers, 1945-1966 (H88-0094), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[6] Biographical, Reeverts, Emma Marie (1896-1973). Papers, 1946-1973 (H88-0129), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[7] Lubbers, July 22, 1947, Durfee, Winifred Hackley (1861-1950). Papers, 1796-1963 (H88-0034), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[8] Emma Reeverts, The Milestone, 1949 (Holland, MI: Hope College, 1949), 16, https://digitalcommons.hope.edu/milestone/45/.
[9] Biographical, Boyd, Laura Alice (1884-1962). Papers, 1922-1963 (H88-0016), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[10] Biographical, Ross, Metta J. (1890-1984). Papers, 1896-1984 (H88-0131), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[11]  Alumni Association of Hope College, "Hope College Alumni Magazine, Volume 13, Number 3: July 1960" (1960). Hope College Alumni Magazine. https://digitalcommons.hope.edu/alumni_magazine/50
[12] Course Evaluations, Ross, Metta J. (1890-1984). Papers, 1896-1984 (H88-0131), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[13] Mitchell, Kristina M. W, and Jonathan Martin. “Gender Bias in Student Evaluations.” PS, Political Science & Politics 51, no. 3 (2018): 648–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104909651800001X.
[14] Talman, February 26, 1947, Ross, Metta J. (1890-1984). Papers, 1896-1984 (H88-0131), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[15] Biographical, Hawkinson, Ella A. (1896-1954). Papers, 1984-1956 (H88-0068), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[16] “Hope College Bulletin,” May 1950, Hawkinson, Ella A. (1896-1954). Papers, 1984-1956 (H88-0068), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[17] Biographical, Van Schaack, Eva (1904-1981). Papers, 1911-1976 (H88-0177), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[18] Biographical, Meyer, Nella K. (1899-1974). Papers, 1925-1975 (H88-0105), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[19] Eugene Osterhaven, "Nella Meyer Memorial Sermon," Meyer, Nella K. (1899-1974). Papers, 1925-1975 (H88-0105), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[20] Biographical, Van Dommelen, Louise Jean. Papers, 1951 (H88-1980.70), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[21] Report of Work Load, n.d., Van Dommelen, Louise Jean. Papers, 1951 (H88-1980.70), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[22] Louise Jean Van Dommelen, “Thesis: An Investigation of the Physical Education Curricula in Smaller Colleges and Universities, as Compared to Hope College” (Michigan State College, 1951), Van Dommelen, Louise Jean. Papers, 1951 (H88-1980.70), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[23] Biographical, Van Dommelen, Louise Jean. Papers, 1951 (H88-1980.70), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[24] Biographical, Snow, Esther M. (1895-1974). Papers, 1942-2002 (H88-0140), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[25] Biographical, Mulder, Janet B. (1895-1985). Papers, 1924-1984 (H88-0106), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[26] Janet Mulder, October 17, 1966, Mulder, Janet B. (1895-1985). Papers, 1924-1984 (H88-0106), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[27] “Archives at Hope College In Hands of Miss Mulder,” Holland Evening Sentinel, February 15, 1964, Mulder, Janet B. (1895-1985). Papers, 1924-1984 (H88-0106), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[28] Biographical, Schuppert, Mildred W. (1909-1993). Papers, 1871-1993 (W94-1183), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[29] Lubbers, July 18, 1947, Schuppert, Mildred W. (1909-1993). Papers, 1871-1993 (W94-1183), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[30] Biographical, Stryker, Marian A. (1909-1994). Papers, 1947-1974 (H88-0149), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[31] "News From Hope College," February 1995, Stryker, Marian A. (1909-1994). Papers, 1947-1974 (H88-0149), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
Hope College Early in World War II
When World War II began in September of 1939, Hope College continued to be relatively untouched as the United States did not enter the war until 1941. Even with the Selective Service Act in 1940, men enrolled in college, with a few exceptions, often were able to defer enlistment in the military.
Editions of the Anchor in 1940 acknowledged the war, but it is not heavily featured. Each publication contained a section entitled “As I See It,” yet few of the articles urged students to participate and instead commented on the events overseas. One column by Dwight Grotenhouse asked the question, “Will We Have to Fight Germany?” and another reporter, George Lumsden, suggested continuing to give money to Britain to stay out of the war [1]. These articles indicate the men considered the possibility they may serve in the war, but were not actively preparing to enlist.
Women also considered their possible role if the United States entered the war. Nancy Boynton wrote a piece for the “As I See It” column claiming women provided valuable service in the last war in 1917 and will continue to do this if the war escalates. She writes, “The women did a limited amount of men's work in the factories, an extent which will be exceeded if our country enters war again. They drove ambulances, trucks in France, wore uniforms, made bandages, knitted socks, worked in canteens, had committees, replaced manpower at home, and gave priceless service for their country” [2]. Boynton opposed U.S. involvement in the war because the women would enter service industries instead of focusing on the home.
Furthermore, the Anchor featuring May Day on May 10, 1940 references the war in the headlines stating, “Europe Declares 24 Hour Armistice Today As Nazi Government Lauds Hope May Day.” This article jokingly claims that the Allied and Central forces halted the fighting because they were in suspense over the crowning of the new May Day queen [3].
World War II was discussed by Hope College students early in the war, but it did not become as prominent until the United States entered the war. The Anchor discussed the conflict, but speculated if the United States would even become involved in the war. However, certain events brought the reality of the war closer to Hope College.
In September 1940, the Anchor featured two refugees, named Paul Fried and Paul Gottwald, who fled to America from Austria after Hitler annexed Austria. Fried traveled to America after imprisonment in a German camp and Gottwald fled after being denied entry into school for his Jewish heritage [4]. Having refugees on campus may have made the situation early in World War II more real than Hope students originally perceived.

These first-hand accounts and the Anchor articles from the time illustrate that both men and women were conscious of the war, yet the campus atmosphere was not consumed by the events occurring in Europe.
George Vanderhill, an alumni from the 1940s, reflected on this period in the book Hope at the Crossroads: The War Years. Vanderhill commented, “What is surprising and somewhat disconcerting is the fact that, in looking through the large cumbersome scrapbook I kept at that time, I find few, if any, references to what was going on in the wider world. Part of that, I’m sure, is the fact that we did not have the instant worldwide communication we now have” [5].
References:
[1] "As I See It," Hope College Anchor, January 29, 1941. "Will We Have to Fight Germany," Hope College Anchor, March 12, 1941.
[2] “As I See It,” Hope College Anchor, February 26, 1941.
[3] “Europe Declares 24 Hour Armistice Today As Nazi Government Lauds Hope May Day, ” Hope College Anchor, May 10, 1940.
[4] “Austrian Boys Feel America, Hope are O.K.,” Hope College Anchor, September 18, 1940.
[5] Eileen Nordstrom and George Zuidema, Hope at the Crossroads: The War Years (Holland, Michigan: Hope College, 2008), 15.
United States Enters the War
After Pearl Harbor, men began to voluntarily enlist instead of waiting for the draft in order to choose which branch of service they would enter. By April of 1942, Hope’s enrollment deteriorated as men enlisted and left Hope College. This occurred gradually because the government needed time to implement the infrastructure like bases, tanks, airplanes, and ships required for training and active duty.
Vern Boersma, an alumni of Hope College from the 1940s explained that each male student knew their number could be called at any moment. Typically, those in good academic standing could defer the draft, while those in poor academic standing were called almost immediately. However, men tended to enlist voluntarily to join a branch that aligned with their future career path. The male students who remained on campus prepared to quickly enter the medical, chemistry, and pastoral fields or stayed because they failed the physical exam for enrollment into the military. There was high demand for chaplains, chemists, and doctors to serve in the war. The men completed three years of school, then joined the military. For example, Boersma completed his three years of pre-med, then entered the Navy [1]. The Anchor published an article on January 28, 1942 urging students to utilize the accelerated program by taking additional classes and cancelling their usual summer jobs to complete their degrees early [2].
Additionally, Edwin and Ruth Stegnenga Luidens became missionaries as World War II continued in Europe. Edwin graduated from Hope in 1940 then became a student at the New Brunswick Seminary, while Ruth completed her time at Hope College in 1942. Donald Luidens described the couple’s journey from Hope College in his book Seeds of Hope, Hate, and Change: Missionary Witnesses to the Middle East in Transition. Edwin was interested in missionary work and eventually Ruth agreed to join him in this field. In 1944, Edwin petitioned the Selective Service System to allow him to leave the country, even though he was draft age and this permission was granted on June 2, 1944. The couple departed in 1944 from Philadelphia to Lisbon, Portugal because Portugal remained neutral. After their arrival in Portugal, Edwin and Ruth continued to the west coast of India and from there to Basrah, Iraq, where the pair would settle for their work as missionaries [3]. Thus, those in pastoral fields had options to join the military as chaplains, but many also continued working as missionaries in a tumultuous time overseas.
The U.S. involvement in World War II prompted the women to get more involved in the war efforts as well. The Anchor featured the fundraising efforts by the Women’s Activity League (WAL). The women sponsored everything from book collections to relief drives to bond and stamp sales to peddling sandwiches in the various campus buildings. The chapel housed boxes for monetary donations and barrels collected items for war relief.
The American Red Cross and WAL sponsored courses in knitting, first aid, and home nursing. There was extensive gas and food rationing that limited off-campus acitivities and the availability of sugar, butter, and other supplies. The few on-campus activities remaining often became less extravagant than in past years. The financial records from the Sigma Sigma sorority indicated that the largest expenses during the war years went towards rush, while the magnitude of social events typically composed a large portion of the budget [4]. Sorority events evolved into a time to knit and sew for the Red Cross.
Pinks Mulder Dudley recalled knitting even in Professor Boyd’s German class. Instead of reprimanding her for knitting during class, Boyd announced that knitting would be permitted as long as the yarn was, “khaki-colored and clearly being transformed into socks or gloves or scarves for the troops” [5].
On summer break, some women worked in the factories to supply the factories with a workforce. Rosey Maatman worked at Chris Craft, a boat factory converted into a Navy barge manufacturer. Her work there earned her the nickname "Rosey the Riveter" after the popular advertisment for women in the workforce during World War II [6].
In addition to fundraising efforts, the remaining women on campus wrote letters to their peers in the service. Mildred Schuppert wrote to Paul Fried, a student on active duty, stating, “I have been writing to many of the boys who left Hope. In fact I try to write a letter a day. I hope that when you get your new address you will send it on to me so that you may not lose your connection with Hope entirely” [7].
The Anchor began to feature addresses for former Hope students now in the military, so the remaining students and faculty could keep in contact with those serving in the military. The women assumed control of the Anchor once the majority of the men were called to active duty. The editors began sending copies of the Anchor to men overseas to keep them in touch with life at Hope and give them a taste of home [8].

References:
[1] Eileen Nordstrom and George Zuidema, Hope at the Crossroads: The War Years (Holland, Michigan: Hope College, 2008), 15.
[2] “Wake Up, Hope College! Speeded Program Is Designed For Your and Victory's Benefit,” Hope College Anchor, January 28, 1942.
[3] Donald A. Luidens, Seeds of Hope, Hate, and Change: Missionary Witnesses to the Middle East in Transition (Holland, MI: Van Raalte Press, 2020), 7-37.
[4] Financial Records, 1942, Sigma Sigma Sorority. Records, 1906-ongoing (H01-1413), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[5] Nordstrom and Zuidema, Hope at the Crossroads, 65-66.
[6] Nordstrom and Zuidema, Hope at the Crossroads, 72.
[7] Mildred Schuppert, January 24, 1944, Schuppert, Mildred W. (1909-1993). Papers, 1871-1993 (W94-1183), Joint Archives of Holland, Hope College, Holland, MI.
[8] “Anchor Day Among Civvies and Servicemen,” Hope College Anchor, November 24, 1943.